This collection consists of maritime statistics and analysis reports from the maritime sector. Many are commercially published, available only to researches on campus or authorized via the library proxy server.
All reports are made available for fair use, academic purposes only. Research for commercial purposes is strictly prohibited
Drewry Shipping Insight (series)
UNCTAD Review of Maritime Transport (series)
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CAPFISH Project Report : Phase 1 Outcomes and Summer Academy for the Mediterranean
World Maritime University
Illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing is a complex and multifaceted problem, with disastrous consequences for aquatic ecosystems, coastal communities, fishers and fish workers, and economic and national security. Over the past three years, the CAPFISH Project has strengthened capacity to fight IUU fishing by providing training and educational materials to developing country administrations around the world, most recently with a two-week regional Summer Academy for the Mediterranean. The Academy ran for two weeks and targeted delegates from fisheries administrations in developing countries in North Africa, the Middle East, and Southeast Europe, as a way to promote inter-regional learning and regional cooperation to fight IUU fishing. This report details the outcomes of the Summer Academy as well as the first phase of the CAPFISH Project (2021-2023). The first part of the report contains key takeaways from Summer Academy lectures, biographies of speakers, and details of attendees. The second part discusses the aims and objectives of the Project, and provides a synthesis of Project activities to date, including workshops, publications, and information on our global networks.
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Decarbonization roadmap for the domestic fleet of the Republic of Korea
World Maritime University
The Zero Emission of Domestic Shipping in the Republic of Korea (ZED-PK) project is an ambitious initiative aimed at enhancing energy efficiency and developing a path towards zero emissions for the domestic shipping fleet in the Republic of Korea. ZED-PK encompasses a systematic and transdisciplinary approach involving multiple stakeholders. The project is structured into three phases, each dedicated to progressively advancing the decarbonization efforts within the maritime sector.
Domestic shipping is integral to the Republic of Korea’s economy, but contributes significantly to air pollution and GHG emissions. The sector’s emissions pose environmental risks, human health threats, and additional external costs, necessitating urgent measures to mitigate these impacts. This context underscores the importance of the ZED-PK project, which seeks to transform the domestic shipping fleet into a model of sustainability, thereby reducing emissions and enhancing the overall resilience of the Republic of Korea’s maritime industry. Phase one of the ZED-PK project, which is given in this report, focuses on analysing the current state of the domestic shipping industry concerning energy efficiency and GHG emissions. The methodology includes collecting data on domestic fleet characteristics, routes, and fuel consumption. The data was used to map fuel and energy consumption patterns. An extensive literature review was conducted on global decarbonization technologies and policies, followed by expert consultations to assess the maturity and feasibility of various technologies. A life-cycle assessment (LCA) of vessels of varying sizes was performed to understand emissions across their lifespans. Finally, a scenario analysis projects the future fleet performance under different fuel options.
The analysis revealed significant opportunities to enhance energy efficiency and reduce emissions in the domestic shipping sector. The research identified short-term measures, such as operational improvements and the adoption of existing energy-efficient technologies, which can yield immediate reductions in fuel consumption and emissions. For the medium-term and long-term, the study proposes a comprehensive roadmap that includes advanced vessel designs, integration of zero-carbon fuels like hydrogen and ammonia, and the development of supportive infrastructure. This roadmap aligns with both national and international climate goals, aiming for a 40% reduction in GHG emissions by 2030 compared to 2018 levels, and a 70% reduction by 2050. The forthcoming phases of the ZED-PK project (phases two and three) will expand the scope to include the decarbonization of shipyards and ports, crucial interfaces with the domestic shipping fleet. Phase two will examine the current state of energy efficiency and emissions at ports and shipyards, proposing practical and cost-effective solutions for their decarbonization. Phase three will focus on the implementation of a Green Corridor, selecting specific ships, ports, and shipyards to pilot the recommended measures and technologies. This phase is intended to create a sustainable model that can be replicated across the maritime sector, further accelerating the Republic of Korea’s transition to a zero-emissions fleet.
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Effects of the COVID-19 crisis on seafarers and shipping
Raphael Baumler, María Carrera-Arce, Johan Hollander, Magnus Broström, and Karolina Stark
The report is a testament to the remarkable resilience of the ships and port interface, and the adaptability of port workers and seafarers during the COVID-19 crisis. It also brings to light the vulnerabilities and trends within the sector. The ability of these workers to manage the shockwave ensured that trade flow continued, sustaining the world. However, this period had severe impacts on their livelihoods, starkly highlighting the industry’s inadequate consideration of its human element and the rapid pace of digitalization. The research employed a unique combination of quantitative and qualitative approaches to explore and cross-validate information. This included an extensive document review, in- depth interviews, and surveys. The application of concurrent mixed methods research was a key feature to learn from simultaneous data sets, “triangulate” the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on ports, seafarers, and families, and recommend avenues for improvement. For ports, the consensus was that preparedness and cooperation are essential to address crises, and the workers need the organizations to demonstrate protection in action. Moreover, workers’ flexibility and creativity prove vital to adjust to crises while technology and digitalization support continuing business operations. Finally, any port health measure needs to assess and monitor the impact on seafarers. For sea workers, the agreement was that COVID-19 has impacted every corner of work and life at sea. The short- and long-term impacts are making visible, including an unmanageable work burden, more tired and unhappy crews, less safe working environment, a high willingness to quit the seafaring profession and a pessimistic forecast of the welfare conditions of seafarers in the shipping industry. The job uncertainties, onboard hardships and life restrictions must be revised for seafarers, underscoring the need for dedicated effort to boost the workers’ morale at sea, promote health and safety and ensure they continue operating efficiently in times of crisis and beyond. For the shipping industry to better prepare and cooperate in future crises, 1) maritime organizations must enable feedback mechanisms for collecting good practices and knowledge sharing during ongoing crises, and 2) must work towards effectively integrating human factors and social welfare into industry practices and regulations.
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Manning annual review & forecast 2024/25
Drewry
Manning Annual Review & Forecast Annual 2024/25 provides one of the most complete annual assessments of vessel manning costs available in a single source. Seafarer cost assessments, trends and employment terms are provided for 38 representative ship types, spanning the chemical, container, dry bulk, general cargo, LPG, LNG, offshore, oil tankers, reefers and RoRo sectors. The report also examines current and projected supply and demand for seafarers and the likely impact on skills requirements and wage costs.
- Benchmark crew wages and employment terms - Officer wage rates 2014-2024 and voyage length/leave by nationality covering container, dry bulk, LNG, tankers and offshore support vessels
- Crew budgets - Crewing budgets including wage, victualing, travel and miscellaneous costs, for 38 different vessel types & sizes covering the chemical, container, dry bulk, general cargo, LPG, LNG, offshore, oil tankers, reefers and RoRo sectors
- Employment terms & 5-year cost forecasts - Trends in terms and conditions of service, including voyage length and leave, as well as manning cost forecasts covering the period 2025-2029
- Seafarer supply – Latest trends and projections for seafarer supply, including assessments of key drivers such as occupation and wage rate attractiveness relative to shore-based roles, with forecasts of officer supply to 2029
- Seafarer demand – Latest trends and projections for seafarer demand, including assessment of key drivers such as fleet development by sector, on-board numbers and backup ratios, with forecasts of officer demand to 2029
- Global seafarer supply and demand – Complete analysis and projections for seafarer availability, together with implications for different vessel sectors and overall wage levels, as well as forecasts to 2029
- Country analysis - Seafarer supply 2017-2024, 2024 wage rates breakdown across 10 pay grades, premium rates, pay relative to shore-based roles, seafarer reputation and market sentiment. Data covers Bulgaria, China, Croatia, India, Latvia, Philippines, Poland, Romania, Russia, Ukraine and UK
- Rising seafarer supply regions/countries: Analysis of emerging sources of seafarer supply in Africa and South East Asia. Data covers Indonesia, Myanmar and Vietnam
- Macro risks to seafarer supply and possible solutions
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Quantifying an inconvenient truth : revisiting a culture of adjustment on work/rest hours
Bikram S. Bhatia, Raphael Baumler, Maria Carrera-Arce, Michael E. Manuel, and Inga Bartuseviciene
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Towards gender equality in ocean science and ocean governance: Gender equality strategy and action plan for ocean-related institutions
World Maritime University and Fisheries and Oceans Canada
The United Nations Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development (2021–2030), hereinafter ‘the Ocean Decade’, seeks to catalyse transformative ocean science solutions for sustainable development, connecting people and our ocean. To fulfil the Decade’s mission, barriers to achieving gender, geographic, institutional, discipline and generational balance will need to be systematically identified and dismantled if no one is to be left behind.
In this regard, the World Maritime University (WMU) and Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO) have been implementing the Empowering Women for the United Nations Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development Programme (the Programme), with the purpose of advancing an alternative, inclusive model to promote gender equality, and the empowerment of women in the sustainable management of the global ocean.
A key output of the Programme is the development of a framework Gender Equality Strategy and Action Plan for ocean-related international institutions, which makes practical and policy relevant recommendations for achieving gender equality in ocean science and science-dependent ocean governance systems in the context of the Ocean Decade.
The goal of the Strategy is to promote gender equality as a central pillar in the secretariats of ocean-related intergovernmental organizations, and potentially other types of organizations, which will guide Member States and enhance synergies and collaboration for transformative actions. To achieve this, gender mainstreaming targets and goals are an important instrument for increasing ocean sustainability and gender equality.
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A pilot study of passenger vessel casualties
Anish Arvind Hebbar, Serdar Yildiz, Mahmoud Mohamed Attia Metwalli, Nadhir Kahlouche, Jens-Uwe Schröder-Hinrichs, and World Maritime University
Movement of people is poised to be the next big thing in shipping. At the same time, almost 2,000 deaths are believed to occur annually as a result of passenger vessel accidents. A sample of 78 marine safety investigation reports for the period 2010-2021 drawn from the IMO’s marine casualty investigation database were found to have resulted in 319 fatalities and 19 injuries besides total loss of five vessels and material damage to 61 other vessels.
Therefore, this study attempted to look into passenger ship accidents as a whole to identify commonalities and contributing factors that may not be immediately apparent when looking at accidents individually. A particular focus of the study was the human element. IMO Circular MSC-MEPC.3/Circ.4/Rev.1 formed the basis for the taxonomy applied in this study.
The key findings of the study suggest the following: (a) not all human error belongs onboard given that the attribution of human erroneous actions in the analysed sample of passenger ship accidents was around 37% with the remainder attributed to the human element in organisational and management contributing factors, and external agencies; (b) safety off-duty matters equally given that as many as 20-45% of the errors in occupational accidents were linked to the onboard safety culture beyond the seafarers’ watch hours; (c) voyage planning needs preparing given that inadequate attention to safety management contributed nearly 30% in the occurrence pattern of groundings; (d) shore personnel attending to cargo operations and maintenance onboard need crew in attendance given that shore personnel would be unfamiliar with the ship and its work environment, and likely to suffer occupational accidents if left unattended during routine activities, or even during conduct of drills onboard; and (e) survival craft hook needs a relook given the continuing occupational accidents involving the inadvertent release of survival craft during recovery of craft from water.
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Capacity-building project to progress the implementation of international instruments to combat IUU fishing (CAPFISH) : Workshop 3, 18-21 October 2022
World Maritime University
Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated (IUU) fishing is a complex and multifaceted problem, with dire consequences for aquatic ecosystems, coastal communities, fishers and fish workers, and economic and national security. It particularly affects developing countries, and is estimated to cost the global economy USD 20 billion each year. This represents foregone taxes, license fees, and revenue from resources that could have been legally exploited. Future opportunities are also lost as fish stocks dwindle and collapse, with knock-on socioeconomic effects. As those involved in IUU fishing seek to cut costs wherever possible, and are often involved in other illegal activities, IUU fishing is also associated with human rights violations and poor working conditions, unsafe vessels, and maritime crimes such as drugs smuggling, arms smuggling, and human trafficking. The CAPFISH Project offers training on IUU fishing and tools to address it to those in key positions in developing countries, and fosters networks at regional and international level. This report provides an overview of the third CAPFISH workshop on IUU fishing, and contains abstracts from the presentations, biographies of the speakers and details of the attendees.
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Manning annual review and forecast 2023/2024
Drewry
Manning Annual Review & Forecast Annual 2023/24 provides one of the most complete annual assessments of vessel manning costs available in a single source. Seafarer cost assessments, trends and employment terms are provided for 38 representative ship types, spanning the chemical, container, dry bulk, general cargo, LPG, LNG, offshore, oil tankers, reefers and RoRo sectors. The report also examines current and projected supply and demand for seafarers and the likely impact on skills requirements and wage costs.
- Benchmark crew wages and employment terms - Officer wage rates 2013-2023 and voyage length/leave by nationality covering container, dry bulk, LNG, tankers and offshore support vessels
- Crew budgets - Crewing budgets including wage, victualing, travel and miscellaneous costs, for 38 different vessel types & sizes covering the chemical, container, dry bulk, general cargo, LPG, LNG, offshore, oil tankers, reefers and RoRo sectors
- Employment terms & 5-year cost forecasts - Trends in terms and conditions of service, including voyage length and leave, as well as manning cost forecasts covering the period 2024-2028
- Seafarer supply – Latest trends and projections for seafarer supply, including assessments of key drivers such as occupation and wage rate attractiveness relative to shore-based roles, with forecasts of officer supply to 2028
- Seafarer demand – Latest trends and projections for seafarer demand, including assessment of key drivers such as fleet development by sector, on-board numbers and backup ratios, with forecasts of officer demand to 2028
- Global seafarer supply and demand – Complete analysis and projections for seafarer availability, together with implications for different vessel sectors and overall wage levels, as well as forecasts to 2028
- Country analysis - Seafarer supply 2016-2023, 2023 wage rates breakdown across 10 pay grades, premium rates, pay relative to shore-based roles, seafarer reputation and market sentiment. Data covers Bulgaria, China, Croatia, India, Latvia, Philippines, Poland, Romania, Russia, Ukraine and UK
- Rising seafarer supply regions/countries: Analysis of emerging sources of seafarer supply in Africa and South East Asia. Data covers Indonesia, Myanmar and Vietnam
- Crewing employment best practice: Comparison of compensation schemes, criteria for assessing promotion readiness and performance management
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Safety of domestic ferries: A scoping study of seven high-risk countries
Anish Hebbar, Serdar Yildiz, Nadhir Kahlouche, and Jens-Uwe Schröder-Hinrichs
Ferry accidents are fairly common globally, causing countless deaths and injuries. Whereas ferry transportation is an integral part of the domestic transport infrastructure in many countries, particularly archipelagic countries such as Indonesia and the Philippines, river deltaic countries like Bangladesh, countries with extensive riverine systems such as the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Nigeria and Senegal, or even a combination of great lakes, rivers and archipelago such as Tanzania, these countries are experiencing a high number of ferry accidents and fatalities over the past two decades and, therefore, considered high-risk countries in the ferry transport sector. International community continuously seeks to enhance safety in the domestic ferry industry. Thus, a scoping study has been conducted on the safety of domestic ferries in these seven high-risk countries. The study utilizes a structured methodology to identify focus areas in the seven countries for enhancing safety in the domestic ferry sector. The analysis involves past domestic ferry accidents, maritime profile, industry demographics and stakeholder matrix, regulatory and governance climate, political landscape, and amenability to change and external intervention. Eventually, the study proposes a conceptual framework with fifteen distinct criteria, identified against five attributes as an aid to the decision-making in a country for considering a safety intervention with a high likelihood of success and a significant positive impact on safety in the domestic ferry sector. Furthermore, current hazards threatening the safety of domestic ferries and their role in the formation of accidents; key stakeholders of domestic ferry sector and their state of play; national regulations related to the safety of domestic ferries and alignment with the IMO model regulations; national political landscape; state’s willingness to facilitate and receive a safety intervention; and public attitude towards safety are presented in the respective countries using globally recognized indices, questionnaire surveys and personal interviews.
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Synchromodality as a prospective digitalization scheme for freight logistics : a pre-study report
World Maritime University and Trafikverket
The proliferation of digital technologies presents a potential avenue to transform the freight logistics industry by streamlining the information flow, increasing the flexibility of transportation routes, and creating a more effective and efficient freight logistics system. In an endeavor to gain a comprehensive understanding of the industry’s needs/challenges and to formulate a proficient policy framework to address them, a pre-study was undertaken at the World Maritime University (WMU). This scholarly exploration centered on the concept of synchromodality, which involves the harmonization of different freight logistics modalities.
The study delineates a working definition of synchromodality within the context of freight logistics. Furthermore, it proffers a Synchromodality Maturity Model designed to evaluate the digitalization progress of stakeholders in the industry. This assessment is supported by case investigations into Roll-on/Roll-off logistics in Sweden.
Working Definition: Synchromodality is an operational concept applicable to freight logistics for the purpose of adding value to customers by organizing and utilizing resources in an effective and efficient way, that can be achieved through facilitating integration amongst stakeholders along the logistics chain and enhancing their operational visibility and flexibility.
The outcomes of this study carry noteworthy implications for both policy formulation and industrial implementation. The study advocates that policymakers allocate considerable resources to invest in digital infrastructure and establish standardized data protocols to foster collaborative partnerships. Moreover, logistics service providers are encouraged to pivot their strategies on generating customer value, nurturing collaborative ecosystems, and enhancing human capital in the context of data-centric methodologies.
It is postulated that synchromodality could increase operational efficiency through optimal utilization of transportation resources, improve environmental sustainability, and enhance customer satisfaction. Exploring future studies in this area is required to achieve synchromodality in practice, such as:
- Towards enhancing digital infrastructure for greater freight logistics services
- Towards striving for seamless integration of all stakeholders in freight logistics chains
- Towards facilitating technology adoption in the freight logistics network
This pre-study project was funded by Trafikverket and was supported by various logistics companies, shippers, and academic organizations.
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Impact of including maritime transport in the EU ETS
World Maritime University, University of Gothenburg, Julia Hansson, Lars Zetterberg, Johan Rootzén, Rasmus Parsmo, Erik Fridell, Jonas Flodén, Johan Woxenius, Zeeshan Raza, Anastasia Christodoulou, Dimitrios Dalaklis, and Aykut I. Ölcer
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Mental health interventions for international seafarers during the COVID-19 Pandemic : a pilot study
Sanley Abila, Lijun Tang, Momoko Kitada, Serafin Malecosio, and Rhea Subong
The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the key role that seafarers play in the global supply chain. As the pandemic took hold in early 2020 a significant crew change crisis unfolded globally due to border closures, strict quarantine requirements and a faltering vaccination rollout. In normal times the mental health of seafarers has been recognised as crucial to their wellbeing and safety at sea. Stranded aboard their vessels and with an unclear pathway out of the pandemic the mental health of seafarers deteriorated significantly driving some to suicide.
With 400,000 seafarers stranded at sea at one point, the issue was framed as an ongoing humanitarian crisis. Stakeholders within the maritime industry including companies and non-governmental organisations (NGOs) responded by providing mental health and psychosocial support typical of crisis intervention aiming ‘to protect or promote psychosocial wellbeing and/or prevent or treat mental disorder’ as defined by the IASC Guidelines on Mental Health and Psychosocial Support in Emergency Settings. However, it is unknown which of these measures are available to seafarers, and perhaps more importantly, which interventions they believe are most beneficial to their mental health and wellbeing. These are the questions our study explored. In this report, we present our findings and analyse the psychosocial or mental health interventions that seafarers have experienced, as well as how these measures are perceived in the context of the ongoing pandemic. We can evaluate individual intervention measures and provide policy recommendations based on this data.
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Social security rights of the European resident seafarers - a joint report of the European Transport Workers’ Federation and World Maritime University
World Maritime University and European Transport Workers' Federation
This report presents a mapping exercise undertaken to assess whether national laws and regulations in 10 European Union (EU) countries (Belgium, Croatia, Cyprus, Denmark, France, Italy, Malta, the Netherlands, Poland, and Romania), one European Economic Area (EEA) country (Norway) and the United Kingdom (UK), provide for coverage to seafarers residing in EU/EEA Member States, Switzerland (CH) or the UK. A qualitative methodology combining desktop research and empirical legal analysis was used to gather data as to the particularities of their legal framework and how it works in practice. The focus is on the cross-border nature of the profession and whether the regulatory framework provides for effective communication, cooperation and coordination among the relevant countries for the employment relationship and its social security aspects as well as its operation in practice.
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Empowering women for the United Nations Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development
World Maritime University
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Manning Annual review and Forecast 2021/2022
Drewry
Manning Annual Review & Forecast Annual 2021/22 provides one of the most complete annual assessments of vessel manning costs available in a single source. Seafarer cost assessments, trends and employment terms are provided for 38 representative ship types, spanning the chemical, container, dry bulk, general cargo, LPG, LNG, offshore, oil tankers, reefers and RoRo sectors. The report also examines current and projected supply and demand for seafarers and the likely impact on skills requirements and wage costs.
- Benchmark crew wages and employment terms - Officer wage rates 2011-2021 and voyage length/leave by nationality covering container, dry bulk, LNG and tankers
- Crew budgets - Crewing budgets including wage, victualing, travel and miscellaneous costs, for 38 different vessel types & sizes covering the chemical, container, dry bulk, general cargo, LPG, LNG, offshore, oil tankers, reefers and RoRo sectors
- Employment terms & 5-year cost forecasts - Trends in terms and conditions of service, including voyage length and leave, as well as manning cost forecasts covering the period 2022-2026
- Seafarer supply – Latest trends and projections for seafarer supply, including assessments of key drivers such as occupation and wage rate attractiveness relative to shore-based roles, with forecasts of officer supply to 2026
- Seafarer demand – Latest trends and projections for seafarer demand, including assessment of key drivers such as fleet development by sector, on-board numbers and backup ratios, with forecasts of officer demand to 2026
- Global seafarer supply and demand – Complete analysis and projections for seafarer availability, together with implications for different vessel sectors and overall wage levels, as well as forecasts to 2026
- Country analysis - Seafarer supply 2014-2021, 2021 wage rates breakdown across 10 pay grades, premium rates, pay relative to shore-based roles, seafarer reputation and market sentiment. Data covers Bulgaria, China, Croatia, India, Latvia, Philippines, Poland, Romania, Russia, Ukraine and UK
- Rising seafarer supply regions/countries: Analysis of emerging sources of seafarer supply in Africa and South East Asia. Data covers Indonesia, Myanmar and Vietnam
- Impact of Covid-19 pandemic on manning: Analysis of impacts on seafarer mental health, future seafarer supply, cost implications and mitigation options
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A culture of adjustment : evaluating the implementation of the current maritime regulatory framework on rest and work hours (EVREST).
World Maritime University
Underreporting of work hours or adjustment of work/rest hour records1 has been suggested by previous research to be a common practice in the shipping sector. With this starting point, the World Maritime University has conducted exploratory research into the implementation of the current regulatory and administrative framework on work and rest hours. The associated research activities broadly aimed to achieve the following: 1. Investigate stakeholder perceptions of the capacity of the current international regulatory framework to effectively prevent fatigue; 2. To assess the barriers to effective implementation on board ships; and 3. To evaluate the level of compliance with the current regulatory regime.
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Seafarers’ experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic
B. Pauksztat, M. Grech, M. Kitada, and R.B. Jensen
This report provides an overview of preliminary findings of a study on the experiences of seafarers during the COVID-19 pandemic. The purpose was to examine the impact of the pandemic on seafarers’ work and life on board as well as on their mental health and exhaustion, and identify factors that may mitigate the negative impact of the pandemic
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Third WMU International Women's Conference : Empowering Women in the Maritime Community
World Maritime University
On 24 September 2019, the World Maritime University released Conference Report for the WMU Third International Women's Conference on Empowering Women in the Maritime Community that was held in April of the same year. The conference brought maritime and ocean stakeholders together at WMU to discuss the common challenge of gender equality and to address the gender gap in the maritime, oceans, ports, fishing and related industries.
As a result of the two-day event, over 350 participants from more than 70 countries adopted conclusions identifying 17 actions that could be taken to advance gender balance in the maritime and oceans sectors. The conclusions serve as best practice guidance for all stakeholders committed to action focused on increasing gender balance across maritime and ocean industries. In addition to the conclusions, the Conference Report summarizes the most significant outcomes of the Conference by session and speaker.
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Transport 2040 : analysis of technical developments in transport - maritime, air, rail and road
World Maritime University
A number of technical and socio-technical factors are driving the development and adoption of automation. The report, Transport 2040: Automation, Technology, Employment – The Future of Work, provided an overview of the most important trends forecasted to affect the global transport sector by 2040. This current report provides additional details of that assessment. The research conducted is guided by a transport-technology analytical model that provides a structure for a systematic review across different modes of transport. This report reviews, in particular, the transportation technology through the lens of transport vehicles (e.g. ships, trucks, trains, aircraft) and the technical infrastructure that is needed for the operation of the vehicle (e.g. waterways and harbours, roads, railway tracks and freight terminals, as well as controlled airspace and airports).
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Transport 2040: Automation in airports: Automatic baggage handling systems - Technology and transformation
World Maritime University
This study highlights the challenges and implications of airport baggage handling automation so as to better describe the trends depicted in the Transport 2040 Report. This is achieved through a short background review and related case studies. It is hoped that such an investigation will identify the major challenges that the aviation industry needs to address so that stakeholders can better prepare for the future
