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The Concept of the Coast at a Crossroads: Clarifying Legal Concepts and Terminologies and Their Management Implications
Sarah Mahadeo, Clive Schofield, and Aleke Stöfen-O´Brien
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Energy efficiency in ship design projects with case studies
Mia Elg
This chapter discusses the role and practical aspects of energy modeling in modern ship design projects. The new environmental regulations in shipping are forcing the ships to lower their emissions in the future. The work towards energy and environmental efficiency demonstrates the level of ship sustainability and can suggest further improvement potential in processes.
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International Maritime Regulation: Closing the Gaps Between Successful Achievements and Persistent Insufficiencies
Laurent Fedi
This paper reviews the current situation of the regulation covering international shipping in light of the challenges of the 21st century. It analyzes the leading role of the International Maritime Organization (IMO) since its creation and the significant evolutions of the maritime regulatory framework over the last few decades through the adoption of key instruments aiming to enhance safety, security, and environmental protection. The conclusion is that while one can observe international maritime regulation have led to successful achievements, persistent insufficiencies have remained especially regarding the mitigation of ships’ environmental footprint. Unilateral legislations have flourished in order to compensate for the IMO's slow pace. A new policy paradigm is required to promote a proactive and ambitious maritime regulation capable of addressing the key challenges of our century.
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Chapter 11 - Arctic governance
Neloy Khare and Rajni Khare
To manage the perceived conflict of interest among various stakeholders in Arctic affairs a strong governance and administration or various Arctic issues ought to be in place. It functions as a coordinator, protecting the interest of the Arctic nation remains important in the event any conflicting demands and expectations are demonstrated by other than Arctic nations. Iceland, the Kingdom of Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Finland, Russia, Canada, and the United States form the core of the Arctic Council, an international governing body for the region. Over four million people live in the Arctic, and their livelihoods are directly tied to its future.
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Chapter 3 - Sustainability assessment: Metrics and methods
Himanshu Nautiyal and Varun Goel
The main goal of sustainability is to focus on fulfilling the present needs of population with the ability to produce resources to fulfill the needs in future. With growing concern for the environment, sustainable development has become one of the primary goals of all nations throughout the world. In the same track, the need of sustainable assessment arises with awareness to mitigate global social, economic, and environmental issues. It can also be seen in the response of global policies implemented to solve these issues. This chapter discusses various sustainability assessment methods and a comparison of these sustainable assessment methods is also shown based on some important criteria.
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Recreational Boating Safety: Usage, Risk Factors, and the Prevention of Injury and Death
Amy E. Peden, Stacey Willcox-Pidgeon, and Kyra Hamilton
Boating is a popular recreational activity in many high- and middle-income countries around the world and includes the use of both powered and unpowered (watercraft) vessels. Participation estimates range from 36 million recreational boaters across Europe, 22 million in the United States, 13 million in Canada, and 5 million in Australia. Despite its popularity, participation in recreational boating is not without risks including, for example, physical injury and loss of life due to drowning, propeller strike, and carbon monoxide poisoning. Several factors have been identified that impact safety and put people more at risk of injury and death including operator inexperience, improper lookout, alcohol and other drugs, excessive speed, lack of life jackets, and overloading. Prevention strategies to reduce risk encompass safe boating strategies, legislation and regulatory strategies, and social psychological and behavioral strategies.
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CHAPTER 5. Offshore Energy Exploration Activities and the Exclusive Economic Zone Regime: A Case Study of the Eastern Mediterranean Basin
Georgios Chrysochou and Dimitrios Dalaklis
Abstract: The concept of an exclusive economic zone (EEZ) has been described as a «peaceful revolution» in international law and as the most significant development in the Law of the Sea, since Grotius wrote his famous work, «Mare Liberum». With the establishment of the EEZ, the conflict between Grotius (mare liberum) and Selden (mare clausum) seems to have been won by the latter. Although this is true, and it expresses the victory of the extension of coastal jurisdiction to maritime areas at the expense of its free use and exploitation by all states, what is most important is that the rational and functional use of the sea by all its users should prevail, in conformity with the 1982 Law of the Sea Convention (LOSC) provisions. This stands true since the promotion of international co-operation to achieve a more rational exploitation of the wealth of the oceans is paramount for the global community. The establishment of the EEZ has resulted in a drastic reduction of the area covered by the high seas. Thus, around 95% of world fishing areas and more than 80% of the known underwater oil reserves have come under the exclusive control of coastal states. Interestingly enough, among the rights of coastal states within their EEZs is the issue of offshore energy activities, which has traditionally created tension between neighboring states regarding the delimitation of that zone. Consequently, a problematic relation between these energy exploration activities and the legal regime of the EEZ is identified; maritime delimitation issues between adjacent states can also negatively influence the use of certain maritime energy supply routes
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CHAPTER 24 - Protecting the Arctic Environment: Challenges and Opportunities for Liquefied Natural Gas
Dimitrios Dalaklis, Aykut Ölcer, Fabio Ballini, and Jarrod Dewitz Lcdr
Numerous scientific records of climate indicators and in-depth statistical analyses thereof testify that the impact of the phenomenon of global warming is becoming increasingly evident. Weather patterns have already been severely altered in various regions of the Earth, with the case of the Arctic clearly standing out. As ice coverage in this region maintains its downward trend, the creation of new and significant business opportunities should, however, be noted. Maritime routes that were previously covered with ice packs are now becoming available for shipping; the promise for shorter voyages from Asia towards Europe and/or the Americas (and vice-versa) is enticing to say the least. Additionally, the reduction of ice in the wider arctic region could facilitate the extraction of the numerous natural resources (and especially energyrelated ones) available in all those frozen areas, which were previously widely considered as unsuitable for any type of business. The analysis in hand will briefly highlight the decline of ice coverage in the Arctic and elaborate on its main consequence in relation to the contemporary global maritime transport system: the creation of the so-called "Arctic Passages". Additionally, it will provide a summary of the current regulatory framework associated with the region under discussion and especially the provisions of the International Code for Ships Operating in Polar Waters (Polar Code or PCD). Furthermore, considering petroleum is today the primary marine fuel source within commercial shipping, this analysis will expand upon previous research efforts into how to preserve the arctic environment by limiting the use of such oil fuels. Therefore, it will explore the use of alternative sources, specifically in the form of liquefied natural gas (LNG), as a way to reduce the environmental impact of petroleum spilled within the pristine arctic waters in the event of an accidental discharge, as well as to decrease air pollutants.
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Expanding the Use of Liquefied Natural Gas in the Baltic Sea Region via Tailor-made Training Activities
D. Dalaklis, M. Kitada, A.I. Ölçer, A. Schönborn, M. Canepa, and F. Ballini
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Chapter 3 - Hydrogen production
Muhammet Kayfeci, Ali Keçebaş, and Mutlucan Bayat
In today's society as global energy demands are addressed, it is expected that hydrogen will play a crucial role in future energy infrastructure. Hydrogen is being turned too as an energy carrier in hopes to wean our current society away from carbon-emitting fossil fuels and to mitigate their effects on the atmosphere. Hydrogen has a gross energy or higher heating value of 142 MJ/kg compared to natural gas or crude oil that register at 52 and 45 MJ/kg, respectively, hydrogen also has demonstrated its ability as fuel for vehicles, electricity storage via fuel cells, and a number of other useful attributes in the chemical and metallurgical industries.
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Chapter 10 - Ghost Fishing
Julie A. Lively and Thomas P. Good
In all of the world’s seas, oceans, and waterways, fishing gear is lost or abandoned resulting in derelict gear and contributing to the problem of ghost fishing. Derelict fishing gear can continue to fish and catch both target and nontarget species, and ghost fishing occurs when these animals become trapped and die due to starvation, predation, cannibalism, disease, or poor water quality. The problem and impacts continue to increase as fishing capacity and effort continue to increase. Traps, pots, and nets are the biggest contributors of ghost fishing. The overall impact of ghost fishing is often a function of time, which can range from days to years. As the derelict gear persists in the water, a decline in ghost fishing is common as the gear are damaged allowing release of organism, or when it becomes fouled, or buried so that new organisms cannot enter. Prevention, mitigation, and research efforts can help offset the global and regional impact of ghost fishing in our world seas.
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Environmental Sustainability of Freight Transportation Terminals
Sonja Protic, Harry Geerlings, and Ron van Duin
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Liquefied Natural Gas as a Marine Fuel: The Case of the Baltic Sea Region
A. Schönborn, D. Dalaklis, A.I Ölçer, M. Kitada, M. Canepa, and F. Ballini
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Chapter 36 - Nigerian Coastal Environments
Nenibarini Zabbey, Ferdinand Dumbari Giadom, and Bolaji Benard Babatunde
The coastal zone of Nigeria stretches approximately 853 km, and has four geomorphic units and a 210,900 km2 Exclusive Economic Zone. The Niger Delta geomorphic unit is longest (450 km), apparently the richest in biodiversity and mineral resources. The Niger Delta has Africa’s largest expanse of mangroves, which are major breeding and nursery grounds for many commercially important fin and shellfishes, and is rich in biodiversity in the Gulf of Guinea. However, the region’s mangroves are among the most degraded and less conserved. Artisanal and industrial operators exploit fish stocks unsustainably under ineffective regulatory regimes, but sustainable aquaculture is a viable option to close the wide fish demand-supply deficit. The rich wildlife of the coastal zone is heavily exploited, including endemics, despite piecemeal laws that seek to protect threatened and endangered species. There are an estimated 37.4 billion barrels of crude oil and 187 tcf of natural gas reserves in the Niger Delta, and crude oil currently accounts for 90% of Nigeria’s foreign exchange earnings. Oil production activities in the Niger Delta are a major source of land- and marine-based pollution of the coastal zone. Other threats include untreated effluent discharges, reclamation, deforestation, harmful fishing methods, invasive species, and unregulated sand mining. These activities weaken climate resilience, delimit socioeconomic opportunities, and increase coastal erosion vulnerability. The region’s tourism destination potential is also devalued. Meanwhile coastal cities such as Lagos, Warri, and Port Harcourt continue to experience rapid population growth, exacerbated by rural-push and urban-pull factors. Integrated coastal zone management is imperative, and other comanagement regimes, habitat restoration, legal and institutional frameworks, and capacity needs are all required.
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CHAPTER 7 - Making the Case: Simulators for Offshore Renewable Energy Installations Navigational Risk Assessment
Razi Ali Mehdi, Michael Baldauf, Dimitrios Dalaklis, and Jens-Uwe Schröder-Hinrichs
In the analysis at hand, the authors consider if, and how, ship handling simulators can be used to feasibly augment existing navigational risk assessment (NRA) studies – particularly those concerning offshore renewable energy installations (OREIs). In order to achieve their aim, they have conducted an experimental pilot study that allowed them to observe, assess and quantify navigational behaviour in the vicinity of an offshore wind farm (OWF). The authors also suggest how simulators can be used to improve the quantification of various parameters that are used in existing NRA models and methods. Lastly, they discuss how simulators can be used to augment traditional stakeholder ‘workshops’ to further optimise the use of limited sea-space
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CHAPTER 3 - Enhancing Maritime Security in Mexico: Privatization, Militarization, or a combination of both?
Adriana Ávila-Zúñiga-Nordfjeld and Dimitrios Dalaklis
The current analysis examines three different solutions that Mexico implemented within its ports and offshore installations in order to improve the country’s maritime security framework, as well as ensuring compliance with the International Ship and Port Facility Security Code (ISPS Code): privatisation, militarisation and, finally, their combination. The findings of an on-going research effort include inconsistencies within the data of the necessary security incident records, or even their total absence. Inadequate competence and training among the Port Facility Security Officers (PFSO) also stands out. Another important issue was the use of different procedures among the ports under investigation for dealing with exactly the same security incidents. The clear conclusion is that after twelve years of the ISPS Code implementation, Mexico, which is leading the Interamerican Port’s Commission of the Organisation of American States (OAS), does not comply with the requirements of the ISPS Code at an acceptable level; the lack of a national maritime security policy has resulted in a poor (maritime) security culture, despite the severe (security) challenges that this nation is facing. It is also true that the country under discussion is currently reorganising its maritime security apparatus, with some positive results; tools and recommendations for enhancing the Mexican maritime security operating framework are therefore provided, along with areas of potential future research
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Morphological and Physical Characterization of Microplastics
Andrés Rodríguez-Seijo and Ruth Pereira
Plastic materials represent up to 20 organic polymers derived from petroleum sources, with different characteristics and properties, such as different densities and chemical composition. The most commonly used plastic materials are polypropylene (PP), high- and low-density polyethylene (HDPE and LDPE, respectively), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyurethane (PUR), polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polystyrene (PS), which represent approximately 90% of the total world production [1]. Through an accidental release, lack of appropriate recycling, inadequate management or indiscriminate discards, plastic wastes have accumulated in the environment at an uncontrollable rate and reach a wide range of aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems
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Chapter 8 -Scantling of Ship’s Hulls by Rules
Yong Bai and Wei-Liang Jin
There are many rules that need to be followed when designing hulls of the ship. The term “scantling” refers to the determination of geometrical dimensions (such as wall thickness and sectional modules) for a structural component/system. The initial scantling design is one of the most important and challenging tasks throughout the entire structural design process. This chapter introduces the design equations for tankers based on IACS (International Association of Classification Societies) requirements and classification rules (e.g., ABS, 2002). The understanding of the ship hulls strengths, buckling points, weaknesses, and the rules and restrictions of designing a ship is goal of this chapter.
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Chapter 21- Safety critical communication
J. Mitchell
This chapter describes the range of safety critical communications that occur in high hazard industries, what can go wrong and how to reduce the likelihood of communication error. Safety critical communication can occur in any part of the operating cycle from normal operation to emergency response. The high likelihood of errors and misunderstandings during these communications is illustrated using a person-to-person communication model, and the potential consequences of these errors are highlighted using industry examples. The key learnings from incidents involving a breakdown in safety critical communications are extrapolated and discussed. A number of communication methods and techniques that can be used to reduce errors are discussed and their relative strengths and weaknesses highlighted.
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Chapter 12 - Paths to Sustainable Ocean Resources
Kateryna M. Wowk
Marine ecosystem services support our daily lives in a number of ways. Yet, multiple stressors acting on the marine environment, such as climate change, ocean acidification, pollution, and the overuse of marine resources threaten the continued provision of these services. While targeted actions are needed to address issue-specific threats, decision makers and the public must also concert efforts toward governance regimes that account for multiple stressors and foster ecosystem resilience. Further, while research is needed to better understand the impacts of multiple stressors, insurance-based models can be adopted to reduce risk by accounting for combined conditional probabilities of the effects of multiple stressors, including low probability but high-impact events. We must not allow the complexity of today’s challenges chart our future. We can act to avoid potentially disastrous loss and substantial costs through taking proactive measures now.
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