Hydrogen-enriched LNG as a mid-term solution to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions from shipping
Date of Award
2025
Document Type
Thesis
Degree Name
Doctor of Philosophy in Maritime Affairs
Specialization
Ph.D (Maritime Affairs)
Campus
Malmö, Sweden
Abstract
In light of the International Maritime Organization’s (IMO) ambitious Initial GHG Strategy, the rise in international shipping’s carbon dioxide emissions by 2 percent in 2022 compared to 2019 poses a formidable challenge. This increase underscores the pressing need to address the limited availability of green hydrogen, prompting the exploration of mid-term solutions to bridge this critical gap. The IMO’s 2023 Strategy on Reduction of GHG Emissions from Ships attempted to tackle this challenge head-on, recognizing the urgency of reducing the industry’s substantial carbon footprint. While hydrogen offers a simple solution as a zero-carbon fuel, LNG remains the most widespread alternative fuel to date. LNG has gained traction for its potential to significantly reduce emissions compared to traditional heavy fuel oils, offering lower levels of sulfur oxides (SOx), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and particulate matter (PM). However, LNG’s limited capacity for GHG reduction necessitates innovative approaches. Blending LNG with hydrogen has emerged as a promising mid-term solution to enhance its environmental performance and close the emissions gap. This strategic approach underscores the imperative of expediting the adoption of transitional cleaner fuels and emphasizes collaborative efforts in achieving sustainability goals within the maritime sector. The research journey described in this thesis carefully explores immediate and medium-term strategies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in maritime shipping, aligning with IMO’s GHG Strategy. It begins by examining liquefied natural gas (LNG) as a cleaner fuel, thoroughly analyzing its combustion characteristics and onboard emissions. It also investigates hydrogen enrichment in LNG as a practical solution, conducting targeted laboratory experiments to address real-world implementation challenges. A pivotal aspect of the research lies in the comprehensive analysis of engine performance and emissions throughout the life cycle of hydrogen-enriched LNG. By conducting real-world engine testing across various engine loads and hydrogen fractions, the study seeks to glean valuable insights into the operational feasibility and environmental implications of utilizing hydrogen-LNG fuel blends in maritime propulsion systems. This empirical approach allows for a nuanced understanding of the practical implications of transitioning to hydrogen-enriched LNG. Moreover, the study culminates in a holistic assessment that integrates experimental data with comprehensive life cycle assessment (LCA). By considering both environmental and economic factors, including cost-benefit analyses and economic modelling, stakeholders are empowered to make well-informed decisions regarding the adoption of hydrogen-enriched LNG as a transitional fuel. This integrated approach underscores the environmental and economic benefits of hydrogen-enriched LNG, positioning it as a promising solution for sustainable maritime transportation systems in the transition towards a greener future. This study not only sheds light on the potential of hydrogen-enriched fuels but also underscores the importance of transitional solutions in the journey towards GHG reduction. As the maritime industry navigates the waters of sustainability, these findings serve as guidance towards a cleaner, greener future for shipping. The study’s comprehensive analysis reveals hydrogen-enriched LNG as a scientifically validated and sustainable modality for reducing GHG emissions, offering valuable insights for mid-term strategy development in maritime GHG reduction efforts.
Comments
978-91-988966-2-6
To be published